y39彩票|-(中国)360百科
y39彩票2023-01-31 16:05

y39彩票

中央农村工作会议系列解读⑨打通农技推广“最后一公里”******

  作者:刘丽、孙炜琳,中国农业科学院农业经济与发展研究所

  中央农村工作会议强调,要依靠科技和改革双轮驱动加快建设农业强国。党的二十大报告绘就了实现高水平农业科技自立自强的宏伟蓝图,中央农村工作会议进一步吹响了科技驱动农业强国建设的号角。科技驱动农业强国建设既要“顶天”,又要“立地”,既要着眼于世界前沿技术和基础研究,争取世界农业科技前沿领域的话语权,又要面向产业需求,让先进前沿的农业科技成果下沉进村、入户、到田,让农民学得会、用得上。农技推广作为连接科技和经济的关键环节,是将先进前沿的农业科技成果转化为现实生产力、促进农村经济高质量发展的重要利器。

  一、打通农技推广“最后一公里”,对加快科技驱动农业强国建设意义重大

  《“十四五”全国农业农村科技发展规划》指出,到2025年,我国农业科技整体实力稳居世界第一方阵,农业科技进步贡献率达到64%。要实现这一目标,在很大程度上取决于农技推广的效率和质量。中央农村工作会议强调要着力解决好农业科技创新体系中存在的各自为战、低水平重复、转化率不高等突出问题。数据显示,2019年我国农业科研院所以及农业高等院校的科技成果转化率分别为18.86%与16.79%;根据科学技术部“农业科技成果转化项目”数据统计,我国涉农企业科技成果转化率也不足50%。打通农技推广“最后一公里”将极大提高我国农业科技成果转化率,将更多的农业科技成果转化为现实生产力和农民收益,对于提升农业科技创新整体效能、加快科技驱动农业强国建设具有特别重要的意义。

  二、打通农技推广“最后一公里”仍面临较多挑战

  改革开放以来,经过多年建设,我国逐步建立起以政府公益性农技推广机构为主、以科研院所和高校为代表的准公益性推广机构和以农业社会化服务组织为代表的市场性推广机构多元共存的农技推广体系。农技推广体系不断改革创新,为当前农业科技进步贡献率超过61%发挥了关键支撑作用,为保障国家粮食安全、引领产业升级、推动农业现代化发展做出了突出贡献。近年来,随着农业生产新业态的不断涌现,广大农业生产主体对农业技术的需求呈现多样化,打通农技推广“最后一公里”仍面临较多挑战,主要表现在:

  政府公益性农技推广机构投入不足,提供的农技服务内容及技术类型与农业生产的多样化需求匹配度不够。市场性农技推广机构服务范围覆盖面窄,服务群体较为分散,推广的技术相对单一,无法解决区域性产业发展面临的技术难题。政府公益性农技推广机构与市场性农技推广组织没有形成合力,力量分散。从整体来看,科技成果的市场转化机制尚不健全,农技推广模式较为单一,农技推广手段较为传统,运用大数据、云计算等现代信息技术手段不充分。

  三、打通农技推广“最后一公里”,提升农业科技创新体系效能

  构建多元互补、高效协同的农技推广体系。进一步深化建设以政府公益性推广机构为主导,以科研院所、高校、农业社会化服务组织等为补充的多元化农技推广体系,加快完善“一主多元”的基层农技推广服务网络。构建协同互补的农技推广运行机制,强化公益性农技推广机构与准公益性及市场性农技服务机构的有效对接,明确多元主体的角色定位与功能发挥,促进农业科技成果转化应用。坚持政府公益性推广体系的主导地位,加大基层农技推广投入,设立专项保障经费,强化政府农技推广的公益性职能。

  立足产业需求,强化市场导向,全方位提高农技推广效率和质量。坚持立足农业生产一线,强化市场在农技推广的导向和筛选作用,加强政府公益性农技推广队伍建设,搭建基层农技推广人员和科技研发人员交流平台,切实提高基层农技推广水平。扎实推进农业社会化服务,以产业需求为基础,鼓励以“农资+服务”、技术托管、示范带动等多种方式开展农技服务,优化资源配置,加速实现技术服务的专业化。立足现代农业集约化、标准化特征,大力推广科技示范园区、科技小院、项目带动、企业参与等新兴技术推广模式,切实提高农业技术推广成效。

  充分利用新手段、新平台推动农业科技与产业融合,成果与市场结合。加强科技服务载体和平台建设,搭建集“农技需求-交流培训-农资交易-技术服务”等为一体的农业技术服务数字化平台,为农业技术推广提供精准化、智能化服务,助推农业科技与产业融合。整合资源,以新电商平台为基础,健全市场转化机制,加速农业科技成果与市场结合,以市场反哺产业和科研,实现互惠互利、良性循环。利用互联网新媒体手段搭建与农业生产者的技术交流平台,建立低成本、高效率、便利化的反馈互动机制,提高农业技术推广效率。

中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******

  中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。

资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。

  2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。

  日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。

  日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。

  事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。

  因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。

  日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。

  《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。

  德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。

  日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。

  国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。

  太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。

  Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business

  By John Lee

  (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.

  Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.

  The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

  On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.

  The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.

  In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.

  Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.

  The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.

  The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.

  The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.

  According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.

  As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.

  However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.

  Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.

  The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.

  If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.

 

中国网客户端

国家重点新闻网站,9语种权威发布

y39彩票地图